Effects Of Stereotype Threat On Women s Performance

Alleviating The Effects of Stereotype Threat in Women’s Performance in STEM Tasks Stereotyping is a way for individuals to associate a group concept with a specified attribute. The association between two unrelated concepts can become linked via a third concept (e.g. the self). Drawn from this, there are two types of stereotypes, that is, implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes are linked to automatic thinking in the cognitive process, as individuals are not consciously aware of these thoughts and judgements. Explicit stereotypes are associated with the controlled thinking process in the brain, as they are expressed from past experiences and judgements (Payne, 2006). From this, Steele and Aronson’s (1995)†¦show more content†¦The aim of this essay is to discuss the effects of stereotype threat in women’s performance in STEM disciplines, and to examine the use of a social psychological approach to alleviate the effects of the stereotype threat. The topics throughout the paper will address the effects of stereotype threat for women in STEM tasks, the limitations of the stereotype threat model and alleviating stereotype threats for women in STEM tasks. Similar findings to Steele and Aronson (1995) were found in other performance tasks, such as the measure of sport strategic intelligence (Stone et al., 1999) and the link between gender, performance and stereotype threat (Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999), where there was clear evidence that individuals who felt they were being stereotyped, performed poorly. As Brown and Pinel (2002) stated, â€Å"the more people are aware of their stereotype, the greater the effect on their performance†. If the race of an individual or group is more prominent, the greater their performance level declines (e.g. African Americans’) (Aronson, Wilson Akert, 2013). The Effects Of Stereotype Threat For Women In STEM Tasks It is clearly evident that females in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) have a significant stereotype threat of not performing adequately to males. According to the French Association of Female Engineers (2007), there was an unequal gender distribution in STEM tasks. The percentage of women in

Early Childhood Education Of Children - 1122 Words

â€Å"Early roots of play as a best practice for early learning was documented by Plato, a Greek philosopher, who insisted that play is considered a natural activity of childhood.†(Ingrid Crowther, 2011, Pg. 2) Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs that are devoted to children from birth to the age of eight. â€Å"Children of this age learn by exploring and investigating; therefore, their environment should support and encourage this process.†(Rebecca Isbell and Betty Exelby, 2001, Pg. 11) Early childhood environments should be attractive and exciting. These environments should allow children to work and play using proper resources, materials, and tools. Early childhood education often focuses on learning through play or a center-based approach to learning. Jean Piaget was a philosopher who placed great importance on the education of young children. Piaget believed that learning comes from within and that children construct their own knowledge of the world through experience. â€Å"The research and theory of Jean Piaget concludes that play meets the physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social needs of children.† (wikipedia.org) Center-based learning means that teachers group materials for one type of focus together. There are a variety of centers involved in an early childhood classroom including science, math, blocks, dramatic play, music, literacy, reading, and technology. Each of these centers focuses and improves different skills andShow MoreRelatedEarly Education For Children : Early Childhood Educator1408 Words   |  6 PagesEarly education for children is very crucial as it helps shape up the foundation of their knowledge and behavior development process. Children begin to develop the sense of curiosity from the age of two. And from age 2-8, children go through a very crucial period of mental development, which shapes up their future mindset (Grayson, 2016). Early children education (ECE) has been listed as the number one priority of the National Association of Education. The teachers or educators at nursery and primaryRead MoreEducating Children At Early Childhood Education1421 Words   |  6 Pa gesâ€Å"It is easier to build strong children than to repair broken men.† These are the words of Frederick Douglass, and they are as true today as they ever were. As the focus on educating children at early ages has become more prevalent, the amount of research on what best practice is for early childhood education has grown. Out of the findings has sprouted programs like Reggio Emilia that attempt to reach children at a developmental level instead of an academic one. Because of the diverse nature ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Computers On Children s Early Childhood Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pageswhy would early childhood education be any different? From the beginning stages, there has always been a debate of whether computers have a positive or negative impact on children, young children especially. As computers have intergraded themselves into many children’s lives and their education, the debate is even more prominent. Supporters of computer use in early c hildhood education believe that with proper monitoring and the right software, computers can be only beneficial to children. If usedRead MoreEarly Childhood Education : Children s Understanding And Development Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesEarly childhood education typically pertains to the education of children who range in age from babies to kindergarten age. This does not start and end inside the class room. Early childhood training is debatably the most crucial phase of educational development as it is from this cornerstone that future development and learning happen. High quality programs need to incorporate teaching in reading capabilities, motor skills, vocabulary and communication abilities. This will create substantial benefitsRead MoreChildren s Learning Within Early Childhood Education1559 Words   |  7 PagesPlay in early childhood education is of great importance in the holistic development of children. Play is hard to define, due to its various presenting means. It must be regarded as an indispensable component of an individual’s development (Saracho, Olivia, Spodek Bernard,1998). Through play, the child interacts with their peers as they explore and participate in different activities. The role of the early childhood teachers is crucial in encouraging and stimulating children’s interest in playRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Educators work in the subset of education that focuses on the infant through preschool age group. Early Childhood Education creates a significant difference in a child development and learning abilities. There is a variety of avenues one can explore for their child’s pre-education. These specific programs are known by several different names, two of which are preschool and pre-K. Educators can work in many different programs with in churches, public schoolsRead MoreAboriginal Children And Early Childhood Education And Care : A Uncrc Approach3348 Words   |  14 Pages Restoring and strengthening the identities of First Nations, Mà ©tis and Inuit Children through Early Childhood Education and Care: A UNCRC approach Annotated Bibliography Children’s Rights Professor Rachel Caplan Brooke Groombridge- McLeod Ryerson University Introduction In Canada today, many Aboriginal children are facing a greater deal of challenges among the much larger national landscape. Often experiencing higher rates of poverty, crime, substance abuse, and child welfare, many AboriginalRead MoreWhy Should We Have Mandated Early Intervention And Early Childhood Education For Children With Disabilities2494 Words   |  10 PagesAlexis Smith Professor Lehr SE 504 25 October 2016 Final Exam Why should we have mandated early intervention and early childhood education for children with disabilities and their families? Provide a rationale for each. 8 pts. The benefits of early intervention (EI) and early childhood education (ECE) are very clear. They help improve children’s skills, knowledge, and way of navigating the world while having some form of a disability. EI is usually provided in the child’s home, giving their familyRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Is Supplying The Children s Marketplace During Identity Development858 Words   |  4 PagesWhen an educator enters a classroom they do so with tools aimed towards giving students an education. Along with a degree is a copy of the Australian Curriculum ([AC], 2015) and the Early Years Learning Framework ([EYLF], 2015); however, what is important for the educator to perceive is that an important part of early childhood education is supplying the children’s ‘marketplace’ during identity development. According to Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke (2004, p. 23) the effects of gender, culture andRead MoreProfessional Development in Early Childhood Educat ion Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagestheir early childhood development are teacher professionals who have a passion and a genuine desire to help them learn, grow and succeed in their education. These are just a few roles that early childhood educators plays in the field of early childhood education for working with young children in their early childhood years of life, which the requirements, most of the time, are to have both a formal education and passing teacher-certification score. The National Association for Education of Young

Chinese Culture 1800-1900 Free Essays

It goes without question from 1800-1900 China was experiencing a decline, which had not been seen for quite some time. Problems such as overpopulation started to take its toll on the once-known elite nation, sending them into famine, lower standard of living, extreme mistreatment of females, especially at young ages and an unfit government that allowed chaos to unfold. Conflict arose in China, but was it due to internal affairs of the Chinese people and government, wanting to maintain its superiority over the West, or were outside forces to blame for the extreme change in culture?Both of these aspects united to form seemingly the perfect storm that sent Chinese culture into a downward spiral for excess of 60 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Culture 1800-1900 or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, peace was brought to a majority of China and allowed population to grow rapidly, and was estimated to be at about 300 million by the beginning of the nineteenth century. In a mere 50 years, China’s population increased by approximately 100 million. A 33 percent increase in just 50 years. Such increases had harsh impacts regarding the agricultural front.Food became a prized commodity as China’s overpopulation led to a famine, which the nation had never experienced during a stable and productive agricultural period. Every mountainous and hilly area was terraced and double-cropped in effort to produce a sufficient quantity of nourishment for everyone, but to no avail. As an effect, people began dying of starvation and malnutrition. Jobs were few and far between for the crowded work industry, leaving people unemployed and virtually worthless in the government’s eyes.This problem was not helped in any sense, when the British finally found the one item the Chinese would buy was opium. A drug which was once used for medicinal purposes was now being used in a recreational manner. Use of the drug created addictions among many people, having to feed their addictions by selling their children to receive the drug. Outraged, the emperor banned the production and importation of opium in 1800 and in 1813 banned the smoking of opium. British and American smugglers were still bringing the drug onto Chinese soil, selling it for large profits.Emperor Daoguang debated on how to deal with the crisis and entertained the idea of legalizing the sale of opium and taxing it, which would help money in the government and possibly make it too expensive for anyone to afford. Some of his officials disagreed and wanted the drug to be completely wiped out. Lin Zexu was given the job to fight the drug problem and get to the main source of where the drug was coming from. Zexu arrested many en route to finding the drug was being smuggled by British citizens. He sent 500 laborers in to destroy the supply, which was enough for the British to begin warring with the Chinese (The Opium War). The British took their navy and obliterated the Chinese in what is known as The Opium Warm. Following the destruction of the Chinese navy, for being far too old, the British made them sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which allowed five new ports to be opened for trade, gave British money for destruction of opium and demanded Hong Kong. Nearly a decade after, Britain felt China was not holding out its side of the treaty and teamed with France to attack the coast of China, once again.The attack was based around the desire for more trade ports to be opened. Again, the Chinese endured an onslaught, and an additional ten ports are opened, more money was paid and the Europeans could travel wherever they desired on Chinese land, while abiding by European law (The Opium War). Less than a decade after The Opium War, the Chinese were faced with unprecedented rebellions the world had never seen. The Taiping Rebellion lasted an astonishing 13 years and claimed the lives of approximately 30 million people and was driven by an unorthodox religion.Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ and began preaching to people around the nation to get them to follow his beliefs. After sweeping through parts of the country and destroying many temples and lives in the process, the idea of equalization was starting to be taught, although it never worked. The Taiping Rebellion was followed by the Nian and Muslim Rebellions, which weren’t as significant (Qing Dynasty). Self-strengthening was an idea brought about to help the Chinese get themselves out of such a rough time and back to the elite power they once were.Conflict again arose during the discussions, as the government could not agree upon a certain route to take in planning the idea. Empress Dowager Cixi was given power due to the death of the emperor, which left a 4-year-old for the throne. She was able to manipulate people in her court to do what she wanted and when she wanted. Cixi was conservative and allowed outsiders walk all over the Chinese, and again were demolished by the French. The Chinese were in a time where they were desperate to catch up with the rest of the western world.Reformations covered a vast amount of areas but mainly focused on the depleted militaristic aspect of China. Unfortunately China would not be able to make the next step and reach the level of France or Britain, having only weapons that were second-best. China missed its chance to make the leap needed to catch up with the rest of the vastly changing world. Outside pressures from France, Britain and Russia forced China into a corner, having to back down due to an unequal army and navy. Although, China was pressured from others, it created its own problems as well, with a government that could decide on nothing good for the people. Most of the conflicts were brought upon themselves, but the extra pressure from the West made China feel the hardship more than if it were only internal affairs which had brought the nation to struggle.Works Cited â€Å"Qing Dynasty. † www. mnsu. edu. Minnesota State University, Dec. 2003. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. . â€Å"The Opium War. † www. harvard. edu. Harvard University, 19 June 2002. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. . How to cite Chinese Culture 1800-1900, Papers

Vitruvian Man Lab Report Essay Example

Vitruvian Man Lab Report Paper Later on, around the year 1490, the artist and painter Leonardo Dad Vinci decided to keep examining about his Statement. His famous drawing consists on a man with straight arms and legs, inside a square that is inside a circle, the exactly same idea Of Vitreous. He showed that the ideal human body fitted precisely into both a circle and a square, and he thus illustrated the link that he believed existed between perfect geometric forms and the perfect UDF'(The British Library Board). According with Natalie Holdover the circle is shown as a divine symbol and the square as the earthly symbol. This idea relates to the ancient belief that the man was a tiny expression of the entire universe, which is now called microcosm. As a class, we were asked to test the validity of the Dad Vines Vitamin man. We recorded the information of everyone from the class, measuring the length of the outspread arms, the height, the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand and the maximum width of the shoulders. Our goal was to discover it our emissions settled with the ideal humans proportion according to Dad Vines Vitamin man. Dad Vinci explained that for a human to have perfect proportions need to follow the next criteria: the length of the outspread arms needs to be equal to the height of the man, the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand needs to be of the height of man, and the maximum width of the shoulders needs to be % of the height of the man. After going through this whole process got into a very concise conclusion, just two people in my class have the ideal human proportions. We will write a custom essay sample on Vitruvian Man Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vitruvian Man Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vitruvian Man Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hungary Ramirez and Maria Smiley are the only ones who fit into the three Of the Statements made by Dad Vinci and Vitreous. As is shown on table #1 and table #2, Handcar Ramies length Of the outspread arms is equal to her height; her distance from the elbow to the tip of her hand equals a % Of her height, same situation occurs on Maria Shimmies measurements. But on the third criteria you can see there is a difference between the maximum of their shoulders and their heights a difference of 1 CM. Even though their measurements have a difference of one CM. We can still say their proportions are idea, since we are account the uncertainties of 1. Several of my other classmates followed several criteria hut at the end they didnt fit exactly, for example as its shown on table #1 and table Amanda Kauffmann length of the outspread arms is equal to her height, and her distance from the elbow to the tip of her hand sis % of her height as well, but when it cones to the third criteria, the maximum width of the shoulders isnt a 1/4 of her height. The deterrence is about to 4 CM, which is an extremely small difference, since the maximum of her shoulders is about 39 CM and the of her height is about 43 CM. Evaluation: Due to the fact that the Dad Vines Vitamin man lab demonstrated failure on the past examinations, we can feel free to assume that many errors are shown in this experiment. The first error noticed is the fact that we measured everything With a small measuring tape instead of a big measuring tape, which didnt help since we were taller and bigger than the measuring tape, so we had to use two measuring tapes added together. Using a small measuring tape to find out these measurements ended being extremely inaccurate. After data collection we were not really sure if the numbers we got were real, and probably affected a lot on the way the exults came out. The lab activity validity started to be questionable now. By the time we were looking for the four measurements needed just one group of people from the class was using a measuring tape, the rest of the class were using two small ones (so they could have the same length). The way it worked was to put one in the top of the other and then add the numbers, which was hard for the person who was measuring since he didnt have enough hands to hold the small measuring tape in the bottom, in the middle (place in which both tapes were combined) and in the top. If one of the measuring tapes we were sing (top or bottom) moved a little bit, then the whole addition will change and the final result will end being inaccurate, A proposed solution to this error will be measure all of the quantities again with a big measuring tape, in this way, we could make sure that all of the measurements are more precise and that no movement of the person with the tape was going to affect on the validity of the research. Another error noticed is the fact that you can always make a mistake with the numbers and get confused, so maybe the numbers you got arent real. A great solution to this error will be measuring at least three times each of the four acquirement, Which at the end Will give us a more specific, secure, and valid answer. If we make another two measurements and we still get different numbers, we need to keep remaking this process until we start getting the same answer over and over again after repetitive results. Another big error was noticed on the width of the shoulders measurements specifically, since some people didnt know from which to which point it was, so in that way some people got a very inaccurate difference between this number and the 1/4 of the height off man. A good example that is shown is on table #1 ND table #2, were Sabina Classical and Alberta Gonzalez got a lot of difference between this two measurements. Sprains width of the shoulders is equal to 54 CM as is shown in the first table, and the % of the height of a mans equals to 39. In the other hand, Albertson measurements also had a huge difference between them. His width to the shoulders is equal to 65, and 1/4 to his height equals to 43, SO. After inspecting those numbers we can conclude that there is an error, since the rest of the students show on table #1 and table #2 do not have a difference higher than three CM between the numbers as both of this students had. This numbers are very inaccurate since the width of the shoulders and the % of the height are suppose to be exactly the same, and this is such a huge difference. A solution to this problem could be measuring the width of the shoulders and the of height of this students again, few still get such a huge difference between both numbers, then the solution could be measuring the four principles again for this two people, at least 3 or 4 times, until the numbers we get are much more accurate. One limitation observed was the fact that most of us, the students, are still in a transitory age, Which means we are still going through the process Of evildoing physically. Since we are not entirely developed we are not a secure source to prove if this statement is true or false. Our legs are not entirely developed yet either our arms or the rest of our body. Another limitation I found was the fact that we tested the validity on man and women, which variance wasnt explain on the theory. Men and women may not have the same proportions as just man. This affected the research because women composed most of the class, so there were only two men (Alberta and Luis). The last limitation founded was the fact that this research was made hundreds ND thousands years ago by Vitreous and Dad Vinci, but with evolution human sizes may have changes and the proportions may have also changed, this effect was also reflected in the lab results.

Designer comparision essays

Designer comparision essays Armin Hofmanns effect and significance as a Swiss designer included published the Graphic design manual: principals and practice in 1965. This book became a reference for many young designers and thus created a sort of design recipe that could be followed and repeated by others. This is one of the limitations of some of his work, it created a guidebook or path to follow that could be simply adding styling to create the international style. Hofmann was also an educator at Basle. His values were formal and focused on function, creating a science out of design. The limitations of his design were the rather rigid form and lack of self-expression on behalf of the designer. It seems to separate the designer from his/her work, rather than allowing them to work together. Weingarts opened Basle up to experimentation with typography and the concept that you can break the design rules of the day. He played with the elements of type while still expressing clarity and order. He brought liberal views and values to Basle in the late 60s. With his Non conformist style, reversing the avant-garde direction of the systematic designing. He played with shapes, aggressive color and expressed himself through his own design, while still keeping things in some sort of order and clarity. His work simply expressed and communicated the message, without adding unnecessary decorations or styling to the piece. Both Hofmann and Weigngarts work and teachings while at Basal influenced April Griman. Her work exemplifies both the formal values of Swiss typography and the visual experimentation and freedom that Weigngart expressed. This is showed in her book jacket cover for Building in LA, where she used aggressive visuals, and color mixed with ordered typography, to maintain the simplicity of the subject and message. ...

Insects and Other Arthropods That Make Galls

Insects and Other Arthropods That Make Galls Have you ever noticed unusual lumps, spheres, or masses on trees or other plants? These strange formations are called galls. Galls come in many sizes and shapes. Some galls look and feel like pompoms, while others are hard as rocks. Galls may occur on every part of plants, from the leaves to the roots. What Are Galls? Galls are abnormal growths of plant tissue trigger in response to an injury to or an irritation of the plant, usually (but not always) caused by some living organism. Nematodes, bacteria, fungi, and viruses can all cause the formation of galls on trees, shrubs, and other plants. Most galls, however, result from insect or mite activity. Gallmaking insects or mites initiate gall formation by feeding on a plant, or by laying eggs on plant tissues. The insects or mites interact with the plant during a period of rapid growth, such as when leaves are opening. Scientists believe that gallmakers secrete chemicals that regulate or stimulate plant growth. These secretions cause rapid cell multiplication in the affected area of the meristematic tissue. Galls can only form on growing tissue. Most gallmaking activity occurs in the spring or early summer. Galls serve several important purposes for the gallmaker. The developing insect or mite resides within the gall, where it is sheltered from the weather and from predators. The young insect or mite also feeds on the gall. Eventually, the mature insect or mite emerges from the gall. After the gallmaking insect or mite leaves, the gall remains behind on the host plant. Other insects, such as beetles or caterpillars, may move into the gall for shelter or to feed. Which Insects Make Galls? Insects that make galls include certain kinds of wasps, beetles, aphids, and flies. Other arthropods, like mites, can cause gall formations, too. Each gallmaker produces its own unique gall, and you can often tell which kind of insect made the gall by its shape, texture, size, and host plant. Psyllids  -  Some jumping plant lice, or psyllids, produce galls. If you find galls on hackberry leaves, theres a good chance it was caused by a psyllid. They feed in spring, triggering the formation of two well-known leaf galls: hackberry nipple galls, and hackberry blister galls.Gallmaking aphids  -  Aphids  belonging to the subfamily Eriosomatinae cause gall formations on the stems and petioles of certain trees, most notably cottonwood and poplar. Aphid galls vary in shape, from a cockscomb-shaped growth on elm leaves to a cone-shaped gall that forms on witch hazel.Gallmaking adelgids  -  Gallmaking adelgids target conifers, for the most part. One common species,  Adelges abietis, causes pineapple-shaped galls on Norway and white spruce twigs, as well as on Douglas fir. Another, the Cooley spruce gall adelgid, makes galls that look like cones on Colorado blue spruce and white spruce.Phylloxerans  -  Phylloxerans (family Phylloxeridae), though tiny, do their sha re of gallmaking, too. The most notorious of the group is the grape phylloxera, which produces galls on both the roots and leaves of grape plants. In 1860, this North American insect was accidentally introduced into France, where it nearly destroyed the wine industry. French vineyards had to graft their grape vines onto phylloxera-resistant rootstock from the U.S. to save their industry. Gall wasps  -  Gall wasps, or cynipid wasps, comprise the largest group of gallmaking insects, with over 1,000 species known globally. Cynipid wasps produce most of the galls on oak trees and plants within the rose family. Some gall wasps oviposit in galls created by other species, rather than induce the growth of their own. Cynipid wasps sometimes develop within galls that have fallen from the host plant.  Jumping oak galls  are so named because they roll and bounce around the forest floor as the larva inside moves.Gall midges  -  Gall midges or gall gnats make up the second largest group of gallmaking insects. These true flies belong to the family Cecidomyiidae, and are quite tiny, measuring 1-5 mm in length. The maggots, which develop within the gall, come in strangely bright colors like orange and pink. Midge galls form on various parts of plants, from the leaves to the roots. Common galls formed by gall midges include the pinecone willow gall and the maple leaf spot. Gall flies  -  Some genera of fruit flies produce stem galls.  Eurosta  gall flies develop and overwinter within goldenrod galls. Some  Urophora  gall flies were introduced into North America from their native Europe, as biocontrols for invasive plants like knapweed and bull thistle. Gallmaking sawflies  -  Sawflies produce some unusual galls, most commonly on willows and poplars. The leaf galls induced by  Phyllocolpa  sawflies look like someone crimped or folded the leaves. The sawfly larva feeds within the crinkled leaf.  Pontania  sawflies produce strange, globular galls that protrude through both sides of a willow leaf. Some  Euura  sawflies cause petiole swelling in willows.Gallmaking moths  -  A few moths make galls, too. Some micromoths in the genus  Gnorimoschema  induce stem galls in goldenrod, where the larvae pupate. The midrib gall moth produces an odd leaf formation in buckthorn. The center of the leaf is rolled tight, with the sides joining to form a pouch in which the larva resides.Beetles and weevils  -  A handful of metallic wood-boring beetles (Buprestridae) are known to produce galls in their host plants.  Agrilus ruficollis  induces galls in blackberries.  Ruficollis  translates to redneck, a specific name that refers to this insects red  pronotum. Another species,  Agrilus champlaini, creates galls in Ironwood. Long-horned beetles of the genus  Saperda  also produce galls, in stems and twigs of alder, hawthorn, and poplar. A few weevils also cause swellings in their host plants tissues.  Podapion gallicola, for example, causes galls in pine twigs. Gall mites  -  Gall mites of the family Eriophyidae produce unusual galls on leaves and flowers. The mites begin feeding on their host plants just as buds are opening in the spring. Eriophyid galls may form as finger-like projections or warty bumps on leaves. Some gall mites produce a velvety discoloration of the leaves. Will Galls Damage My Plants? Insect enthusiasts and naturalists probably find insect galls interesting or even beautiful. Gardeners and landscapers, though, may be less enthused to discover insect galls on trees and shrubs and may be concerned about insect gall damage. Fortunately, with few exceptions, insects galls do not damage trees and shrubs. While they may look unsightly, particularly on specimen trees, most healthy, well-established trees and shrubs will be unaffected by galls in the long run. Heavy gall formations may slow growth. Because the negative impact of galls on plants is largely aesthetic, control measures for galls or  gallmaking insects  are rarely warranted. Leaf galls will fall off, either with the leaves themselves or from the leaves once the insect or mite has emerged. Galls on twigs and branches can be pruned out. A gall that has already formed cannot be treated or sprayed to eliminate it. The gall is part of the plant itself. Gallmaking insects, it should be noted, will attract their own biological controls in the form of  parasitoids  and predators. If your landscape is riddled with galls this year, give it time. Nature will restore the balance in your ecosystem.

The physiology of anhydrobiosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The physiology of anhydrobiosis - Essay Example The following critical discussion will detail the process of anhydrobiosis and the means by which organisms affects it within a chemical sense. Further, distinct differentials of this process will be discussed as well as the stages of growth, dormancy, and re-animation that it involves. The process of anhydrobiosis can be briefly defined as a process whereby organisms purge themselves of liquid water and slow respiration to the point of near stasis; as a means of surviving environmentally challenging situations for a very long period of time. As a function of seeking to understand and define this process to a greater degree, the following discussion will represent the ways in which this process takes place within various organisms and describe the chemical changes that facilitate the anhydrobiotic process to begin and to end. One of the most interesting aspects of the evolutionary process has to do with the fact that it is oftentimes currently represented within existing metabolic processes. One of these processes is what is known as â€Å"anhydrobiosis†; or life without water. Whereas the definition that has been given is somewhat flawed, due to the fact that even within organisms that do experience certain degrees of anhydrobiosis – a very small percentage of water is still evident, the process itself allows for a variety of different organisms to adapt and continue to survive environmentally challenging periods of time; periods that are invariably categorized by very low levels of available water (Womersley, 1981). This process in turn allows for the nut, seed, pollen, spore, or nematode to go into a state of dormancy until liquid water returns to its native environment and it can once again begin the process of cell respiration as it had prior to going into anhydrobiosis. As a function of critically analyzing this particular process and discussing some of the compote and molecular